Do you know what's down there? No, not the "downstairs," the "lady bits," or the "private parts." We're talking about something incredible and often misunderstood: your vagina.
Despite being one of our defining organs and a major part of our lives, one study showed that over 90% of women aren’t able to correctly identify all the different parts of their vagina. Seriously.
Every woman should know and love their body. That's why we’ve created Vaginas 101, a comprehensive guide to understanding and celebrating vaginal health. After all, vaginas are incredible. They are remarkable ecosystems that enable sexual pleasure, channel period blood outside of our bodies, and play a role in pregnancy and childbirth.
Yet despite all they do for us, another study shows that in addition to not knowing our vaginas all that well, almost half of women also aren’t happy with how their vaginas/vulvas look. Knowing your vagina means rejecting the notion that our bodies are somehow shameful or wrong. That’s why today we’re going to explore the wonders of vaginas, armed with facts and figures, to let you know that your vagina is not only normal — it’s pretty damn great too.
Embracing Vagina Positivity and Self-Acceptance
Forget what you’ve heard, there is no “perfect” vagina. Embracing vagina positivity means celebrating the diversity of our bodies, including differences in our vaginas. Just like our faces, every vagina is unique and has natural variations in size, colour, and shape.
Even so, a survey of over 3500 women found that almost a third said that they have been made to feel that their vaginas were not "normal" at some point in their lives. This has more implications than just making women feel undesirable — women may also put off gynaecological care because they don’t want practitioners to see their vaginas.
Research has shown that along with social stigmas around female sexuality unrealistic portrayals of vaginas in pornography have helped create causes women to worry about the appearance of their labia, or vaginal lips. Most worryingly, this kind of vaginal insecurity has led to a troubling rise in unnecessary labiaplasty surgeries, where the vulva, the visible part of the vagina, is altered to conform to societal standards of "neatness."
According to the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, there was a staggering 39% increase in the number of women undergoing labiaplasty between 2015 and 2016. This concerning trend highlights the need for a deeper understanding of and acceptance of the natural diversity of our vaginas. Big, small, and everything in between — they all deserve a lot more acceptance and love.
What does a “normal” vagina look like?
When it comes to vaginas, “normal” is a bit of a myth. What’s more, the external body part people sometimes refer to as a “vagina” isn’t actually called a vagina at all — the term for all the external structures that make up the female genitalia (including your mons pubis and labia) are actually called a vulva.
To help confirm that vulvas do indeed come in all different sizes and shapes, Swiss researchers spent almost two years assessing 657 women to discover what an “average” vulva looks like. And although their primary patient was white Caucasian, they were still able to uncover the true diversity of this amazing organ.
The researchers discovered that:
- The labia minora had an average length of 4.3 cm, ranging from 5 mm to 10 cm, showing a significant variation of 9.5 cm
- The labia majora had an average length of approximately 8 cm, with variations from 1.2 cm to 18 cm..
- The average clitoris length was 7 mm, but lengths ranged from 0.5 mm to 3.4 cm.
The takeaway: differences in vulva and clitoral sizes are completely normal. So unless your vulva or clitoris is causing you pain or discomfort, it’s probably completely healthy and normal (and pretty damn amazing too).
Getting to Know Your Vagina
Embarking on a journey of self-discovery and empowerment begins with getting to know your vagina, inside and out. By overcoming shame and misinformation, embracing body positivity and self-acceptance, and seeking accurate information, we can understand our body and learn to care for ourselves without shame or stigma.
Let’s start by understanding the different parts of the vagina and what they do.
Anatomy of the Vagina and Vulva
1. External Structures: Understanding Your Vulva
Go on, grab a mirror and get to know the external part of the vagina, which as we mentioned above, is actually known as the vulva. From the outside your will be able to view:
- The labia majora and labia minora
- The vaginal opening, the vulva vestibule (the inner part of the vulva)
- The urethral opening (where you urinate from)
- The clitoral hood and clitoris
Let’s learn about the main external parts of the vulva in more detail:
- What is a “vagina” really?
Many people (vagina-owners included) mix up the terms "vulva" and "vagina" — so, let's clear things up a bit.! When we talk about the external part of the female genitalia, we're actually referring to the vulva. It includes the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral opening, and vaginal opening.
On the other hand, the vagina is the internal passage that connects the uterus to the outside world. Now, here's the thing: a lot of us have been conditioned to use the word "vagina" as a catch-all term for everything down there.
We've heard it in movies, in conversations, and even in some health classes. It's like our default setting. But in reality, the vulva is the correct term for all the external bits. It's important to get the terminology right because it helps us communicate accurately and understand female anatomy better.
- The Labia Majora and Labia Minora
The labia majora and labia minora are external folds of skin that surround and protect the vaginal opening. The labia majora are the larger, outer lips, while the labia minora are the smaller, inner lips.
Remember: there are a lot of natural variations in labia size and shape from person to person. Whatever yours looks like, so long as it doesn’t hurt or cause discomfort, it’s normal.
The labia majora serves as a protective barrier for the delicate tissues of the vulva, while the labia minora helps to cover the vaginal and urethral openings. Both the labia majora and labia minora contain numerous nerve endings, contributing to sexual pleasure and sensitivity. During sexual arousal, the labia may swell and become more sensitive. This is normal (and for some people, pretty enjoyable). Every woman's labia sensitivities are unique too, so it's important to discover what feels right and pleasurable for you when it comes to interacting with your labia.
- The Clitoris and its Function
The clitoris really shouldn’t be a mystery. It may be small, but this highly sensitive organ is easily found at the top of the vulva, where the labia minora meet. Yet, despite being easy to find, one study showed that almost a third of both women and men (29% and 31%) could not locate the clitoris on a diagram of a vagina.
The clitoris plays a crucial role in sexual pleasure and orgasm and contains thousands of nerve endings, making it extremely sensitive to touch and stimulation.
Clitorises have been around as long as women, but the first comprehensive anatomical study of the clitoris wasn’t published until 1998. And even then it wasn’t until 2005, when examined under MRI, that reseachers discovered that what we thought was the clitoris was actually just the external protrusion of a much more extensive organ.
Like the iceberg, the visible part of the clitoris is only a fraction of what extends beneath. The clitoris consists of a small external glans, which is the visible part, and an internal structure that extends inside he pubic bone and wraps around the vaginal opening.
While the visible part of the clitoris looks as big as your pinky fingertip, the true structure of the clitoris is around the size of your palm. The visible gland is covered by a protective hood called the clitoral hood. When sexually aroused, the clitoris (both inside and out) becomes engorged with blood, causing it to become more sensitive.
Containing over 10,000 nerve fibres, the sole purpose of the clitoris is sexual pleasure Yet, surprisingly, a study conducted in 2014 revealed that most women believe that requesting or participating in clitoral stimulation with their male partners wouldn’t be welcome. (So unfair, right? No wonder why there is a staggering “orgasm gap” in heterosexual relationships.)
2. Internal Structures: Understanding the Inside of the Vagina
Getting to know the interior structures of the vagina is as important as understanding and accepting the outside. Whether you are curious about your own body or seeking to improve intimacy with a partner, this exploration can lead to increased self-confidence and a stronger connection to your own pleasure and comfort.
- Vaginal Canal
The vaginal canal is a muscular tube that connects the external opening (vulva) to the cervix and uterus. It serves multiple functions, including sexual intercourse, masturbation, childbirth, and as a passageway for menstrual flow.
One incredible thing about the vaginal canal is how elastic it is. While these muscles can weaken (for instance, after childbirth) your vagina will eventually return to its normal shape.
Vaginas can’t get permanently ‘loose’ from too much sex or masturbation. Just like the muscles inside your mouth, the vaginal canal can stretch and move for years without major effect.
- Cervix and Uterus
Ever gone for a pap smear? While they’re not the most comfortable (but so necessary) the thing they’re actually looking at is your cervix.
Situated at the end of the vaginal canal, the cervix forms a barrier between the vagina and the uterus. In terms of reproduction, the cervix acts as a passageway for sperm to enter the uterus and reach the fallopian tubes for fertilisation. It also undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle, such as opening slightly to allow the flow of menstrual blood and closing tightly to prevent infections.
While not everyone enjoys it, some people can orgasm from cervical stimulation during sex. It can be difficult to reach the cervix with just your fingers, so if you want to understand this part of your body better it can be helpful to use a sex toy or penetration to do so.
What does a normal vagina smell like?
Say it with me: Vaginas are not supposed to smell like a fruit salad, or marshmallows or whatever else some company is telling you. A normal vagina smell can be:
- Slightly sour or tangy: Your vaginal flora’s pH level is slightly more acidic because of the good bacteria in your vagina, lactobacilli. Some people describe it as yeasty, like sourdough bread.
- Slightly sweet or bittersweet: When your pH levels change you might notice your vaginal odour might smell like molasses or even gingerbread.
- Copperey: Vaginal discharge can smell slightly metallic, like pennies, during or immediately after menstruating due to the iron in period blood
- Like your body odour: If your vagina smells similar to your body odour, it can mean your sweat glands are getting a workout or that you’re stressed
Unless your vaginal odour has a fishy or very unpleasant smell, then it’s likely your vagina's natural scent is normal and healthy. Interestingly, every vagina has a unique odour, influenced by various factors like your diet and hormonal fluctuations.
If you have concerns about vaginal odour or any other aspect of your vaginal health, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional. They can provide personalised advice and guidance based on your specific circumstances.
Vaginal Lubrication and Self-Cleansing
The vagina is one extremely clever organ. It can clean itself without the help of soaps or disinfectants and it has a natural ability to self-lubricate, producing its own fluids that contribute to sexual pleasure and reduce friction during intercourse.
If you're reading this, take note: Put. Down. The. Douche.
Your vagina has a balanced ecosystem of bacteria that promotes vaginal health and protects against infections. Excessive washing or douching can actually disrupt this balance and potentially lead to conditions like bacterial vaginosis (BV) or a yeast infection. The best advice: let your vagina do its own thing and if something seems off talk to your doctor before heading to the chemist.
Vagina and Vulva Pain
While vaginas and vulvas are known for giving us a lot of pleasure, they can occasionally cause significant pain too. Vaginal and vulvar pain is a common issue that affects between 10-20% of women throughout their lifetime.
Vagina or vulva pain can be brought on by many things, including infections (such as yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis), conditions like vulvodynia characterised by chronic pain in the vulvar region, hormonal fluctuations affecting vaginal tissue health, or sensitivity to certain irritants.
What's more, the intricate nature of our reproductive system means that our vaginas are pretty much constantly trying to balance our pH, hormones, and the presence of beneficial bacteria to stay healthy. That’s why disruptions to this balancing act can lead to inflammation, discomfort, and pain (even sex can throw our vaginas off — as anyone with a morning-after UTI knows).
Even though seeking prompt medical attention is a key step in identifying and managing vulva and vagina pain, too many of us opt to suffer in silence. For example, Even though up to 16% of us will experience vulvodynia (vulva pain) only half of us seek medical help.
A good healthcare provider, like one of our caring Hazel doctors, can conduct a comprehensive evaluation, considering your medical history, to provide targeted treatments that promote healing and restore your well-being.
Your Vagina during Pregnancy and Childbirth
When they say that pregnancy changes your whole body, they mean it. During pregnancy and childbirth, the vagina goes through several changes to accommodate the growing foetus and facilitate the birthing process. Here are some key transformations that occur:
Changes to the Vagina During Pregnancy
During pregnancy, your body experiences many changes, both externally and internally. These changes are caused by many factors, including your hormones and the pressure of your uterus.
- Swelling and engorgement of the vaginal tissues: Does something look different down there? It’s not in your head. Increased blood flow to the pelvic area can really lead to swelling and engorgement of the vaginal tissues. The upside: the increased blood flow can increase vaginal lubrication, sensitivity and enhance sexual arousal.
- Changes in odour: Hormonal shifts during can affect the pH balance and overall vaginal environment. It's common to experience changes in vaginal discharge, with an increase in quantity and potential alterations in consistency and odour. These changes are a natural part of the pregnancy process and help maintain the health and protection of your vaginal ecosystem.
Changes to your Vagina After Childbirth
While many women have heard horror stories, the vagina is one heck of a resilient organ. After childbirth, the vagina undergoes several changes as it gradually recovers and returns to its pre-pregnancy state. Here are some common changes that you may experience:
- Changes in vaginal elasticity: Don’t worry if your vagina may feel ‘looser’ than before childbirth. This is temporary (we promise). Vaginas typically go back to their normal size and shape within a few weeks.
- Vaginal pain: The vaginal tissues may be tender and sore immediately after childbirth (no surprises here). Some women may experience ongoing vaginal pain due to conditions such as perineal scarring, nerve damage, or prolapse.
Additionally, some women experience ongoing pain following an episiotomy, whereby doctors will make an incision in the perineum (between the vaginal opening and the anus) to allow more room for the baby to pass through during birth.
If you’re experiencing vaginal pain after childbirth specialists like our Hazel doctors can help.. - Swelling and bruising: The vaginal area may appear swollen and bruised due to the increased blood flow and the physical stresses of childbirth. This swelling usually subsides within a few days or weeks.
- Lochia: After giving birth, women experience postpartum bleeding known as lochia. Initially, the discharge is bright red and heavy, but it gradually tapers off and becomes lighter in colour and flow over the following weeks.
- Decreased lubrication: Some women may experience temporary changes in vaginal lubrication levels after childbirth. Hormonal fluctuations and breastfeeding can affect natural lubrication, potentially causing dryness. This is usually temporary and resolves as hormone levels stabilise.
Remember, each person's postpartum journey is unique. You and your vagina have been a lot (and that’s an understatement) so it's important to make sure that you both have the time and support you need to recover.
Struggling with vaginal health after pregnancy or childbirth? Our Hazel doctors provide access to non-judgmental care from the comfort of your home.
Menopause and Your Vaginal Health
Menopause doesn’t just affect our periods, it can affect our whole bodies including our vaginal tissue. Starting anywhere from 45 and 55 years old, Menopause is when your periods have stopped for twelve consecutive months. During this transitionary period, you can notice a range of changes to your vagina, including:
- Vaginal dryness: As oestrogen levels decline during menopause, the vaginal tissues may become drier and less lubricated. This can lead to discomfort, itching, and pain.
- Thinning of vaginal walls: The walls of the vagina may become thinner and less elastic, a condition known as vaginal atrophy. This can contribute to a sensation of tightness or narrowing in the vaginal canal.
- Increased susceptibility to infections: With the loss of oestrogen protective effects, the vaginal tissues become more susceptible to infections, such as urinary tract infections and vaginal yeast infections.
While these symptoms are a natural part of the ageing process, that doesn’t mean that you have to put up with them. Talk to your doctor, or one of our specialised Hazel care providers, for advice and support.
Managing Vaginal health during Menopause
At any age, women deserve the right to feel comfortable and enjoy a pleasurable sex life. Here are some helpful ways that you can manage your vaginal health during menopause.
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and Alternatives
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has long been a recognized treatment for managing menopausal symptoms, including those related to vaginal health. However, it is essential to acknowledge that HRT may not be the preferred or suitable choice for everyone. - Non-Hormonal Options for Vaginal Health
For those seeking alternatives to HRT, non-hormonal options can provide relief from vaginal symptoms. Vaginal moisturisers, specifically designed to combat dryness and improve lubrication, can be applied regularly to maintain vaginal health. These products work by increasing hydration and restoring moisture to the vaginal tissues.
In addition to moisturisers, herbal remedies have gained popularity in addressing menopausal symptoms. Certain herbal supplements, such as black cohosh, red clover, and evening primrose oil, are believed to have properties that can alleviate hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness.
Certain medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have shown promising results in managing menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes and mood changes. These medications work by influencing neurotransmitters in the brain, helping to regulate body temperature and stabilise mood. - Exploring Cannabis-Based Lubricants and Suppositories
In recent years, cannabis-based products, including lubricants and suppositories, have garnered attention for their potential benefits in addressing vaginal discomfort and enhancing sexual pleasure, and for potentially helping manage some symptoms of menopause. These products are formulated with cannabinoids, such as CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), known for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
Cannabis lubricants can provide enhanced lubrication, reducing friction and discomfort during sexual activity. They may also promote relaxation and heightened sensations, contributing to a more pleasurable experience. Additionally, cannabis suppositories, which are inserted into the vagina, can provide localised relief from symptoms like vaginal dryness, pain, and inflammation.
Learn more about medicinal cannabis treatments and explore an integrative approach to care with our specialised Hazel doctors.
By exploring these alternative options, including non-hormonal remedies and emerging trends like cannabis-based products, women can have a range of choices to address menopausal symptoms and prioritise their vaginal health.
The Bottom Line
Vaginas harness the power to create life and pleasure, so if you don’t know yours, or feel a little squeamish, it’s time to shake off social stigmas and get to know yourself below the waist. Today we've explored the remarkable anatomy of the vagina and vulva (and learned how to correctly identify it) and promoted body positivity and self-acceptance. By embracing the diversity of vaginas, seeking accurate information, and prioritising self-care, we can dismantle the barriers that keep us silent about our intimate health.
As women, it is crucial to prioritise our vaginal health throughout all stages of life, including menopause. By staying informed, seeking professional guidance when needed, and engaging in open conversations, we can nurture our well-being and advocate for comprehensive health care that addresses our unique needs.
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To keep on learning, return to The Lowdown by Hazel.
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